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A note is a string of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document or at the end of a chapter, volume or the whole text. The note can provide an author's comments on the main text or citations of a reference work in support of the text, or both. In English, a footnote is normally flagged by a superscripted number immediately following that portion of the text the note is in reference to, each such footnote being numbered sequentially. Occasionally a number between brackets or parentheses is used instead, thus: (). Typographical devices such as the asterisk ( *) or dagger (†) may also be used to point to footnotes; the traditional order of these symbols in English is *, †, ‡, §, ‖, ¶.〔Robert Bringhurst (2005). ''The Elements of Typographic Style'' (version 3.1). Point Roberts, WA: Hartley and Marks. pp 68–69. Bringhurst goes on to say “But beyond the ... double dagger, this order is not familiar to most readers, and never was.”〕 Historically, ☞ was also at the end of this list.〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=William H. Sherman )〕 In documents like timetables, many different symbols, as well as letters and numbers, may be used to refer the reader to particular notes. In John Bach McMaster's multi-volume ''History of the People of the United States'' the sequence runs *, †, ‡, # (instead of §), ‖, Δ (instead of ¶), ◊, ↓, ↕, ↑. In Arabic texts, a specific Arabic footnote marker (), encoded as U+0602 in Unicode, is also used. In Japanese, the corresponding symbol is ※ (U+203B). The London printer Richard Jugge (died 1577) is cited as the inventor of the footnote.〔()〕 In some editions of the Bible notes are placed in a narrow column in the middle of each page between two columns of biblical text. Footnotes are notes at the foot of the page while endnotes are collected under a separate heading at the end of a chapter, volume, or entire work. Unlike footnotes, endnotes have the advantage of not affecting the layout of the main text, but may cause inconvenience to readers who have to move back and forth between the main text and the endnotes. The US Government Printing Office Style Manual devotes over two pages to the topic of footnotes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual )〕 NASA has guidance for footnote usage in its historical documents.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=NASA History Style Guide )〕 == Academic usage== Notes are most often used as an alternative to long explanatory notes that can be distracting to readers. Most literary style guidelines (including the Modern Language Association and the American Psychological Association) recommend limited use of foot and endnotes. However, publishers often encourage note references in lieu of parenthetical references. Aside from use as a bibliographic element, notes are used for additional information or explanatory notes that might be too digressive for the main text. In particular, footnotes are the normal form of citation in historical journals. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the most important references are often to archive sources or interviews which do not readily fit standard formats, and secondly, to the fact that historians expect to see the exact nature of the evidence which is being used at each stage. The MLA (Modern Language Association) requires the superscript numbers in the main text to be placed following the punctuation in the phrase or clause the note is in reference to. The exception to this rule occurs when a sentence contains a dash, in which case the superscript would precede it. Aside from their technical use, authors use notes for a variety of reasons: * As signposts to direct the reader to information the author has provided or where further useful information is pertaining to the subject in the main text. * To attribute a quote or viewpoint. * As an alternative to parenthetical references; it is a simpler way to acknowledge information gained from another source. * To escape the limitations imposed on the word count of various academic and legal texts which do not take into account notes. Aggressive use of this strategy can lead to a text affected by "foot and note disease" (a derogation coined by John Betjeman).〔 Candida Lycett Green (Betjeman's daughter), quoted in ("Passed/Failed: An education in the life of Candida Lycett Green, writer" ), interview by Jonathan Sale. ''The Independent'', Thursday 27 April 2006.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Note (typography)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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